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New Zealand
Level 6 - NCEA Level 1

Complementary Events

Lesson

Complementary Events

A complement of an event are all outcomes that are NOT the event.

The following are examples of events and their complements.

  • Event is {Heads}, the complement is {not a head} which is {Tails}
  • Event is rolling a die and getting {2}, then the complement is {1,3,4,5,6}
  • Event is {Winter}, the complement is {Summer, Autumn, Spring}
  • Event is {Diamonds}, the complement is {Hearts, Clubs, Spades}

Notation

We already know we can denote the probability of event A as P(A).

Well, we denote the probability of its complement, not A as P(A') (see the little ' next to the A - it means NOT)

The probabilities of complementary events always sum to 1.

P(A) + P(A')= 1

 

Using Complementary Events

Because of the fact that complementary events always sum to 1, we have a choice about how to solve problems involving complementary events.

Lets consider the event of rolling two dice.  What is the probability that you do not roll a double?

Method 1

Answering this question does not need to involve complementary events at all if we don't want to.  We could just list the sample space, (the list of all possible outcomes from rolling 2 dice) and then count up how many are not doubles and calculate the probability.  The sample space for this event is pretty large, but we can still do it - 

{(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (1,6), (2,1),  (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2), (6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)}

P(not a double) =$\frac{\text{total favourable outcomes }}{\text{total possible outcomes }}=\frac{30}{36}$total favourable outcomes total possible outcomes =3036 = $\frac{5}{6}$56

 

Method 2

Using complementary events we can see that 

P(not a double) = 1 - P(double)

this is easier to work out without having to list the entire sample space.

P(not a double) = $1-\frac{6}{36}=\frac{5}{6}$1636=56

Worked Examples

QUESTION 1

The probability of an event is $0.64$0.64. What is the probability of the complementary event?

QUESTION 2

A card is drawn at random from a standard deck. Find the probability that the card is:

  1. a diamond (express as a fraction)

  2. a spade (express as a fraction)

  3. not a heart (express as a fraction)

Outcomes

S6-3

Investigate situations that involve elements of chance: A comparing discrete theoretical distributions and experimental distributions, appreciating the role of sample size B calculating probabilities in discrete situations.

91038

Investigate a situation involving elements of chance

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