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9.03 Graphing tangent functions

Lesson

Transformations of tangent curves and equations

We already know that transformations to curves, graphs or equations mean that we are doing one of four things:

  • horizontal translation - shifting the graph horizontally (phase shift)
  • vertical translation - shifting the curve vertically
  • reflection - reflecting the curve in the $y$y-axis
  • dilation - changing the dilation of the curve

 

Exploration

Use the geogebra applet below to adjust the constants in $y=a\tan b\left(x-c\right)+d$y=atanb(xc)+d and observe how it affects the graph. Try to answer the following questions.

  • Which constants affect the position of the vertical asymptotes? Which ones don't?
  • Which constants translate the graph, leaving the shape unchanged? Which ones affect the size?
  • Which constants change the period of the graph? Which ones don't?
  • Do any of these constants affect the range of the graph? If so, which ones?

 

The general form

The general form of the tan functions is

$f\left(x\right)=a\tan\left(bx-c\right)+d$f(x)=atan(bxc)+d

or

$f\left(x\right)=a\tan b\left(x-\frac{c}{b}\right)+d$f(x)=atanb(xcb)+d

Here is a summary of our transformations for $y=\tan x$y=tanx:

Dilations:

  • The vertical dilation (a stretching or shrinking in the same direction as the $y$y-axis) occurs when the value of a is not one.  
  • If $|a|>1$|a|>1, then the graph is stretched
  • If $|a|<1$|a|<1 then the graph is compressed
  • Have another look at the applet above now, and change the a value.  Can you see the stretching and shrinking?
  • The horizontal dilation (a stretching of shrinking in the same direction as the $x$x-axis) occurs when the period is changed, see the next point.

Dilations of the tangent function.

 

Reflection:

  • If $a$a is negative, then there is a reflection.  Have a look at the applet above and make $a$a negative, can you see what this does to the curve?

Period:

  • The period is calculated using $\frac{\pi}{|b|}$π|b| for radians or $\frac{180^\circ}{\left|b\right|}$180°|b|
  • From a graph you can read the value for the period directly by measuring the distance for one complete cycle.
  • For a tangent function this occurs between the asymptotes.
  • When the period is increased, then the graphs horizontal dilation can be described as a stretch.
  • When the period is decrease, then the graphs horizontal dilation can be described as being shrunk or compressed.

Vertical translations:

  • The whole function is shifted by $d$d units.  
  • From an equation you can read the value from the equation directly.  If $d>0$d>0 then the graph is translated up, if $d<0$d<0 then the graph is translated down.  

Phase shift:

  • The phase shift is the comparable transformation to a horizontal translation.  The phase shift is found by calculating $\frac{c}{b}$cb from the equation

A phase shift of the tangent function.

 

 

Practice questions

Question 1

How has the graph $y=3\tan x$y=3tanx been transformed from $y=\tan x$y=tanx?

  1. Choose one of the following options:

    Vertical dilation by a scale factor of $3$3.

    A

    Horizontal dilation by a scale factor of $3$3.

    B

    Horizontal translation by $3$3 to the right.

    C

    Vertical dilation by a scale factor of $\frac{1}{3}$13.

    D

Question 2

Select all functions that have the same graph as $y=-\tan x$y=tanx.

  1. $y=-\tan\left(x+135^\circ\right)$y=tan(x+135°)

    A

    $y=-\tan\left(x+180^\circ\right)$y=tan(x+180°)

    B

    $y=-\tan\left(x-360^\circ\right)$y=tan(x360°)

    C

    $y=-\tan\left(x+90^\circ\right)$y=tan(x+90°)

    D

Question 3

Consider the function $y=\tan4x-3$y=tan4x3.

Answer the following questions in radians, where appropriate.

  1. Determine the $y$y-intercept.

  2. Determine the period of the function.

  3. How far apart are the asymptotes of the function?

  4. State the first asymptote of the function for $x\ge0$x0.

  5. State the first asymptote of the function for $x\le0$x0.

  6. Graph the function.

    Loading Graph...

 

Domain and range of tangent curves

The domain of a function is the set of all values that the independent variable (usually $x$x) can take and the range of a function is the set of all values that the dependent variable (usually $y$y) can attain.

Graphically speaking, we can determine the domain by observing the values of $x$x for which the function is defined over. We can also determine the range by observing the heights of each point on the graph.

Exploration

Consider the graph of $y=\tan x$y=tanx below.

$y=\tan x$y=tanx

Domain

Notice that the graph of $y=\tan x$y=tanx is undefined at periodic intervals of length $\pi$π or $180^\circ$180°. We state the domain as being:

All real values of $x$x, except where $x=k\times180^\circ+90^\circ$x=k×180°+90° for any integer $k$k.

All real values of $x$x, except where $x=k\times\pi+\frac{\pi}{2}$x=k×π+π2 for any integer $k$k.

More generally speaking, we can consider the function $y=a\tan\left(bx-c\right)+d$y=atan(bxc)+d where $a,b,c,d$a,b,c,d are constants. The horizontal transformations $b$b and $c$c will impact the domain.

Conceptually, the domain is all real values of $x$x, except for the asymptotes.

Careful!

Notice that the constants $a$a and $d$d do not affect the domain of the function. This is because $a$a and $d$d relate to a vertical dilation and translation, which does not change the position of the vertical asymptotes.

Range

The graph of $y=\tan x$y=tanx has no minimums, maximums, horizontal asymptotes or holes. In other words, the range is all real values of $y$y or $\left(-\infty,\infty\right)$(,). The only exception is when we restrict the graph to a smaller domain as shown below.

$y=\tan x$y=tanx over the domain $\left[0^\circ,90^\circ\right)$[0°,90°)

In this case, the range is no longer all real values of $y$y but instead, $\left[0,\infty\right)$[0,). We include $y=0$y=0 in the range because the domain includes the value $x=0^\circ$x=0°.

Remember!

For a function of the form $y=a\tan\left(bx-c\right)+d$y=atan(bxc)+d, where $a,b,c,d$a,b,c,d are constants:

  • The domain is all real $x$x, except where $x=\frac{k\times180^\circ}{b}+\frac{90^\circ+c}{b}$x=k×180°b+90°+cb for any integer $k$k
  • The range is $\left(-\infty,\infty\right)$(,)

However on a restricted domain, the range can be any subset of the real numbers.

 

Practice questions

Question 4

Let $f\left(x\right)=\tan x$f(x)=tanx and $g\left(x\right)=\tan2x$g(x)=tan2x.

  1. Select the correct statement from the options below.

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same range, but different domains.

    A

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have different domains and ranges.

    B

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same domain, but different ranges.

    C

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same domain and range.

    D
  2. Select the most appropriate explanation for your answer to part (a).

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 translates a function horizontally.

    A

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 translates a function vertically.

    B

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 does not change the position of the asymptotes, and a vertical shift will not affect a range of $\left(-\infty,\infty\right)$(,).

    C

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 changes the position of the asymptotes.

    D

question 5

The graph of $f\left(x\right)=\tan\left(x-\frac{\pi}{3}\right)$f(x)=tan(xπ3) is shown.

Loading Graph...

  1. Select the correct domain of $f\left(x\right)$f(x).

    All real $x$x except when $x=\pi k+\frac{5\pi}{6}$x=πk+5π6 for all integer $k$k.

    A

    All real $x$x.

    B

    All real $x$x except when $x=\pi k+\frac{\pi}{2}$x=πk+π2 for all integer $k$k.

    C

    All real $x$x except when $x=\pi k+\frac{\pi}{6}$x=πk+π6 for all integer $k$k.

    D
  2. State the range of $f\left(x\right)$f(x) using interval notation.

    Range: $\left(\editable{},\editable{}\right)$(,)

question 6

Let $f\left(x\right)=\tan x$f(x)=tanx and $g\left(x\right)=\tan2x$g(x)=tan2x.

  1. Select the correct statement from the options below.

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same domain and range.

    A

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same range, but different domains.

    B

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have different domains and ranges.

    C

    $f\left(x\right)$f(x) and $g\left(x\right)$g(x) have the same domain, but different ranges.

    D
  2. Select the most appropriate explanation for your answer to part (a).

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 does not change the position of the asymptotes, and a vertical shift will not affect a range of $\left(-\infty,\infty\right)$(,).

    A

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 translates a function vertically.

    B

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 changes the position of the asymptotes.

    C

    Multiplying $x$x by $2$2 translates a function horizontally.

    D

 

Outcomes

III.F.TF.5

Choose trigonometric functions to model periodic phenomena with specified amplitude, frequency, and midline.

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