Five number summary
In the previous lesson, we looked at the quartiles of a data set, and found the first quartile, the median, and the third quartile. Remember that the quartiles can be useful to give some basic insight into the internal spread of data, whereas the range only uses the difference between the two extreme data points, the maximum and minimum. We can use the quartiles in combination with the two extremes of a data set to simplify the data into a five number summary.
A five number summary for a data set consists of:
$\text{Min},Q_1,\text{Median},Q_3,\text{Max}$Min,Q1,Median,Q3,Max
The five numbers from the five number summary break up a set of scores into four parts. Have a look at the diagram here:
So knowing these five key numbers can help us identify regions of $25%$25%, $50%$50%, and $75%$75% of the scores.
Practice question
Question 1
The table shows the number of points scored by a basketball team in each game of their previous season.
| $59$59 | $67$67 | $73$73 | $82$82 | $91$91 | $58$58 | $79$79 | $88$88 |
| $69$69 | $84$84 | $55$55 | $80$80 | $98$98 | $64$64 | $82$82 |
Sort the data in ascending order.
State the maximum value of the set.
State the minimum value of the set.
Find the median value.
Find the lower quartile.
Find the upper quartile.
Box plots
Features of a box plot
We start with a number line that covers the full range of values in our data set.
We then plot the values from the five number summary on the number line, and connect them in a certain way to create a box plot. Here is an example:
The two vertical edges of the box show the quartiles of the data range. The left hand side of the box is $Q_1$Q1 and the right hand side of the box is $Q_3$Q3. The vertical line inside the box shows the median (the middle score) of the data.
Then there are two lines that extend from the box outwards. The endpoint of the left line is at the minimum score, while the endpoint of the right line is at the maximum score.
Worked examples
example 1
For the box plot above, find the:
(a) Lowest score
Think: The lowest score is the furthest left point of the plot.
Do: So in this case, the lowest score is $3$3.
(b) Highest score
Think: The highest score is the furthest right point of the plot.
Do: So in this case, the highest score is $18$18.
(c) Range
Think: The range is the difference between the highest score and the lowest score.
Do: For this data set, the range is $18-3=15$18−3=15.
(d) Median
Think: The median is shown by the line inside the rectangular box.
Do: For this data set, the median line is at the score $10$10.
(e) Interquartile range (IQR)
Think: The IQR is the difference between the upper quartile and the lower quartile.
Do: For this set, the lower quartile (at the left end of the box) is $8$8, while the upper quartile (at the right end of the box) is $15$15. This means that the IQR is $15-8=7$15−8=7.
example 2
Using the box plot above:
(a) What percentage of scores lie in each of the following regions?
- $10.9$10.9 and $11.2$11.2
- $10.8$10.8 and $10.9$10.9
- $11.1$11.1 and $11.3$11.3
- $10.9$10.9 and $11.3$11.3
- $10.8$10.8 and $11.2$11.2
Think: For these five regions, we should look at how many quartiles are in that region. Remember that one quartile represents $25%$25% of the data set.
Do:
- $50%$50% of scores lie between Q1 to Q3.
- $25%$25% of the scores lie between the lowest score and Q1.
- $50%$50% of scores lie between the median and the highest score.
- $75%$75% of scores lie between Q2 and the highest score.
- $75%$75% of scores lie between the lowest score and Q3.
(b) In which quartile (or quartiles) is the data the most spread out?
Think: Which quartile takes up the longest space on the graph?
Do: The second quartile is the most spread out.
Practice question
Question 2