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Stage 5.1-3

13.07 Equations with exponentials and logarithms

Lesson

Equations with exponentials and logarithms

We previously saw that a logarithm is the index that an exponential is raised to in order to get a particular result. In other words, logarithms are the inverse functions of exponentials, and exponentials are the inverse functions of logarithms.

This gives us a method to solve any equation with exponentials or logarithms. Following the general method for solving equations we perform the reverse operation to isolate the variable. When the variable is inside an exponential function we take the logarithm of the exponential, and when the variable is in a logarithmic function we take the exponential of the logarithm.

Examples

Example 1

Solve \log_{64} x = \dfrac{1}{3} for x.

Worked Solution
Create a strategy

Write the logarithm in exponential form.

Apply the idea
\displaystyle \log_{64} x \displaystyle =\displaystyle \dfrac{1}{3}
\displaystyle x\displaystyle =\displaystyle 64^{\frac{1}{3}}Write in exponential form.
\displaystyle x\displaystyle =\displaystyle 4Evaluate

Example 2

Solve 3 \left( 10^{x}\right)= 6 for x.

Worked Solution
Create a strategy

Take the logarithm of base 10 on both sides of the equation and use the rule \log_{B} p^{n}= n \log_{B}p

Apply the idea
\displaystyle 3 \left( 10^{x}\right)\displaystyle =\displaystyle 6
\displaystyle \dfrac{3 \left(10^{x}\right)}{3}\displaystyle =\displaystyle \dfrac{6}{3}Divide both sides by 3
\displaystyle 10^{x}\displaystyle =\displaystyle 2Evaluate
\displaystyle \log 10^{x}\displaystyle =\displaystyle \log 2Take the logarithm of both sides
\displaystyle x \log_{10} 10\displaystyle =\displaystyle \log_{10} 2Use the rule \log_{B} p^{n}= n \log_{B}p
\displaystyle x \times 1\displaystyle =\displaystyle \log_{10} 2Use the rule \log_{B} B= 1
\displaystyle x\displaystyle \approx\displaystyle 0.30103Evaluate
Reflect and check

We used the rule \log A^n=n \log A which is a consequence of inverse functions. The reason we chose base 10 was to make it easier to calculate the solution using a calculator. In other cases it might be better to use a logarithm with the same base as the exponential so that the solution is a logarithmic expression.

Example 3

Solve \log_{4} 5x = 3 for x.

Worked Solution
Create a strategy

Use the rule B^{\log_{B}n}=n to cancel out the logarithm.

Apply the idea
\displaystyle \log_{4} 5x \displaystyle =\displaystyle 3
\displaystyle 4^{\log_{4} 5x}\displaystyle =\displaystyle 4^3Put both sides to the power of 4
\displaystyle 5x\displaystyle =\displaystyle 64Use the rule B^{\log_{B}n}=n
\displaystyle \dfrac{5x}{5}\displaystyle =\displaystyle \dfrac{64}{5}Divide both sides by 5
\displaystyle x\displaystyle =\displaystyle \dfrac{64}{5}Evaluate
Idea summary

Exponentials and logarithms of the same base are inverse functions of one another.

This fact allows us to solve equations involving exponentials and logarithms by applying the inverse function to both sides in order to isolate the variable.

Outcomes

MA5.3-9NA

sketches and interprets a variety of non-linear relationships

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