Exact trigonometric values in first quadrant

Even when an angle is given as a rational number of degrees, the values taken by the trigonometric functions of the angle cannot, in most cases, be written down exactly in decimal form. (We covered some of these ideas here)

However, there are a few special angles whose sine, cosine or tangent can be expressed as rational numbers, and there are some whose sine, cosine or tangent can be written exactly using surds.

It is easy to check that $\sin0^\circ=0$sin0°=0 and $\tan0^\circ=0$tan0°=0. Also, $\sin90^\circ=1$sin90°=1  and $\cos0^\circ=1$cos0°=1.

We can obtain values for the trigonometric functions of the angles $30^\circ$30°, $60^\circ$60° and $45^\circ$45° by applying Pythagoras’ theorem in some special triangles.

1.  Equilateral triangle with an altitude

From the diagram we can read off the following function values:

$\sin60^\circ=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$sin60°=√32​	$\sin30^\circ=\frac{1}{2}$sin30°=12​
$\cos60^\circ=\frac{1}{2}$cos60°=12​	$\cos30^\circ=\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$cos30°=√32​
$\tan60^\circ=\sqrt{3}$tan60°=√3	$\tan30^\circ=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$tan30°=1√3​

 

2.  Isosceles right-angled triangle

 

From this diagram we see that:

$\sin45^\circ=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$sin45°=1√2​

$\cos45^\circ=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$cos45°=1√2​

$\tan45^\circ=1$tan45°=1

Example:

Write the expression $\cos120^\circ+\sin45^\circ$cos120°+sin45° more simply.

The second quadrant angle $120^\circ$120° is related to the first quadrant angle $60^\circ$60°. Therefore, the expression can be written $-\cos60^\circ+\sin45^\circ$−cos60°+sin45°. Then, using the exact values for these ratios, we have  $-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$−12​+1√2​. This is $-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$−12​+√22​ or, more simply, $\frac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}$√2−12​.

Worked Examples

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3