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Grade 12

Power of a power with variable bases

Lesson

In Power of powers, we learnt the process of how to simplify a term expressed as the power of a power.

The power of a power law

For any base number $a$a, and any numbers $m$m and $n$n as powers,

$\left(a^m\right)^n=a^{m\times n}$(am)n=am×n

That is, when simplifying a term with a power that itself has a power:

  • Keep the same base
  • Find the product of the powers

 

Here we will look at powers that have variable bases, and also a mix of variable and integer bases. Since "powers of powers" involve expressions with brackets, it's important to remember that everything inside the brackets is raised to the outside power.

 

Exploration

Let's say we want to simplify the expression $\left(2x^2\right)^3$(2x2)3:

A common mistake is to only apply the outside power to the algebraic term. If we did this, we would get an answer of $2x^{2\times3}=2x^6$2x2×3=2x6, which is not correct. 

Consider the expression in expanded form: $\left(2x^2\right)^3=2x^2\times2x^2\times2x^2$(2x2)3=2x2×2x2×2x2

$\left(2x^2\right)^3$(2x2)3 $=$= $2x^2\times2x^2\times2x^2$2x2×2x2×2x2
  $=$= $\left(2\times2\times2\right)\times\left(x^2\times x^2\times x^2\right)$(2×2×2)×(x2×x2×x2)
  $=$= $2^3\times\left(x^2\right)^3$23×(x2)3
  $=$= $8x^6$8x6

You can see that not only is $x^2$x2 multiplied $3$3 times, $\left(x^2\right)^3$(x2)3, but $2$2 is also multiplied $3$3 times, $2^3$23.

So we need to raise $2$2 to the power of $3$3 as well as $x^2$x2 to the power of $3$3.

$\left(2x^2\right)^3=8x^6$(2x2)3=8x6

 

Careful!
Beware of the signs when raising negative numbers to a power, as a negative number raised to an odd power has a negative result. For example:

$\left(-2x^2\right)^3=-8x^6$(2x2)3=8x6 

 

Examples

Question 1

Simplify the following, giving your answer with a positive exponent: $\left(w^3\right)^4$(w3)4

Question 2

Simplify, and evaluate where possible, the following expression:

$\left(-2x^2\right)^2$(2x2)2

Question 3

Simplify the following expression: $\left(3a^3b^2c^3\right)^3$(3a3b2c3)3.

Outcomes

12C.A.1.1

Determine, through investigation (e.g., by expanding terms and patterning), the exponent laws for multiplying and dividing algebraic expressions involving exponents and the exponent law for simplifying algebraic expressions involving a power of a power

12C.A.1.2

Simplify algebraic expressions containing integer exponents using the laws of exponents

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