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AustraliaVIC
VCE 12 Methods 2023

1.01 Literal equations

Lesson

In certain situations we may need to rearrange an equation or formula to make a different variable the subject. As an example, consider the formula for finding the circumference $C$C of any circle with radius $r$r:

$C=2\pi r$C=2πr

In this formula, $C$C is currently the subject. By rearranging the formula, however, we can make $r$r the subject. This can be done with the same methods we used for solving equations. In this case however, we don't have any values to substitute, so we are working mainly with variables. Although we use equation-solving techniques, we are not actually solving an equation. Instead, we are rearranging the formula or equation into a different form. In this case, the rearranged formula becomes:

$r=\frac{C}{2\pi}$r=C2π

Remember

The subject of an equation or formula is the single variable by itself on one side of the equals sign, usually the left-hand side.

 

Worked examples

example 1

For an object that travels a distance $d$d in time $t$t, the average speed of the object is given by the formula $S=\frac{d}{t}$S=dt. Rearrange the formula to change the subject to:

(a) $d$d

Solution

$S$S $=$= $\frac{d}{t}$dt    
$S\times t$S×t $=$= $\frac{d}{t}\times t$dt×t   (Multiply both sides by $t$t)
$St$St $=$= $d$d    
$d$d $=$= $St$St   (Swap so that the subject is on the left-hand side)

(b) $t$t

Solution

$S$S $=$= $\frac{d}{t}$dt    
$S\times t$S×t $=$= $\frac{d}{t}\times t$dt×t   (Multiply both sides by $t$t)
$St$St $=$= $d$d    
$\frac{St}{S}$StS $=$= $\frac{d}{S}$dS   (Divide both sides by $S$S)
$t$t $=$= $\frac{d}{S}$dS    
Example 2

Rearrange $y=mx+c$y=mx+c to change the subject of the equation to the following:

(a) $c$c

Solution

$y$y $=$= $mx+c$mx+c    
$y-mx$ymx $=$= $mx+c-mx$mx+cmx   (Subtract $mx$mx from both sides)
$y-mx$ymx $=$= $c$c    
$c$c $=$= $y-mx$ymx   (Swap so that the subject is on the left-hand side)

(b) $m$m

Solution

$y$y $=$= $mx+c$mx+c    
$y-c$yc $=$= $mx+c-c$mx+cc   (Subtract $c$c from both sides)
$y-c$yc $=$= $mx$mx    
$\frac{y-c}{m}$ycm $=$= $\frac{mx}{m}$mxm   (Divide both sides by $m$m)
$\frac{y-c}{m}$ycm $=$= $x$x    
$x$x $=$= $\frac{y-c}{m}$ycm   (Swap so that the subject is on the left-hand side)
example 3

The kinetic energy of an object is given by the formula $E=\frac{1}{2}mv^2$E=12mv2. Rearrange to make $v^2$v2 the subject of the formula.

Solution

We begin here by multiplying both sides by $2$2 in order to remove the fraction.

$E$E $=$= $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$12mv2    
$E\times2$E×2 $=$= $\frac{1}{2}mv^2\times2$12mv2×2   (Multiply both sides by $2$2)
$2E$2E $=$= $mv^2$mv2    
$\frac{2E}{m}$2Em $=$= $\frac{mv^2}{m}$mv2m   (Divide both sides by $m$m)
$\frac{2E}{m}$2Em $=$= $v^2$v2    
$v^2$v2 $=$= $\frac{2E}{m}$2Em   (Swap so that the subject is on the left-hand side)
example 4

Rearrange $ax=b-cx$ax=bcx to make $x$x the subject.

Solution

In this question we have $x$x variables on both sides. We want to get all the $x$x variables on the left, so we begin by adding $cx$cx to both sides. This will give us the expression $ax+cx$ax+cx on the left. We can factorise this expression by taking $x$x out as a common factor. To isolate the $x$x, our final step is to divide both sides by $a+c$a+c.

$ax$ax $=$= $b-cx$bcx    
$ax+cx$ax+cx $=$= $b-cx+cx$bcx+cx   (Add $cx$cx to both sides)
$ax+cx$ax+cx $=$= $b$b    
$x\left(a+c\right)$x(a+c) $=$= $b$b   (Take out the common factor $x$x)
$\frac{x\left(a+c\right)}{a+c}$x(a+c)a+c $=$= $\frac{b}{a+c}$ba+c   (Divide both sides by $a+c$a+c)
$x$x $=$= $\frac{b}{a+c}$ba+c    

 

Practice questions

Question 1

Make $m$m the subject of the following equation:

$\frac{m}{y}=gh$my=gh

Question 2

Make $m$m the subject of the following equation:

$y=6mx-9$y=6mx9

Question 3

Rearrange the formula $r=\frac{k}{k-9}$r=kk9 to make $k$k the subject.

Outcomes

U34.AoS2.5

solution of literal equations and general solution of equations involving a single parameter

U34.AoS2.9

apply a range of analytical, graphical and numerical processes (including the algorithm for Newton’s method), as appropriate, to obtain general and specific solutions (exact or approximate) to equations (including literal equations) over a given domain and be able to verify solutions to a particular equation or equations over a given domain

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