10.02 Addition, subtraction and scalar multiplication

Geometric addition and subtraction of vectors

The triangle law for addition

To add vectors we can use the triangle law.  We put the tail of the second vector on the tip of the first vector. The resultant vector (the addition of the two vectors) is the vector that reaches from the initial point of the first vector to the terminal point of the second.

Worked example 

Example 1

Add the two vectors  $\mathbf{u}$u and $\mathbf{v}$v shown below using the triangle law:

Think: To add together, we reposition vector $\mathbf{v}$v so that the tail of $\mathbf{v}$v, is positioned at the tip of $\mathbf{u}$u

Do: 

The resultant vector is the vector that extends from the beginning of $\mathbf{u}$u, and ends at the tip of  $\mathbf{v}$v:

Practice questions

Question 1

Question 2

The triangle law for subtraction

Subtracting vectors combines the ideas of negative vectors and addition. A negative vector has same size but opposite direction. This means that the concept of subtracting a vector is the same as adding its negative. 

That is:

$\mathbf{u}-\mathbf{v}=\mathbf{u}+\left(-\mathbf{v}\right)$u−v=u+(−v)

Worked example

Example 2

Given the vectors $\mathbf{u}$u and $\mathbf{v}$v below, find $\mathbf{u}-\mathbf{v}$u−v:

Think: We need to add the negative of $\mathbf{v}$v to $\mathbf{u}$u.

Do: $-\mathbf{v}$−v will look like this, (same size as $\mathbf{v}$v, just the opposite direction):

And hence $\mathbf{u}-\mathbf{v}$u−v, or $\mathbf{u}+-\mathbf{v}$u+−v will look like this:

Here are both the addition and subtraction of the two vectors to compare on the one diagram:

Algebraic addition and subtraction of vectors

Column vectors and ordered pairs

Using column vector notation or ordered pairs we can add and subtract any number of vectors algebraically by adding or subtracting the corresponding elements together.

Worked example

Example 3

Add the two vectors  $\mathbf{u}=\binom{-2}{7}$u=(−27) and $\mathbf{v}=\binom{8}{2}$v=(82) using algebraic methods.

Think: We can add these vectors algebraically by adding the individual corresponding elements of the vectors.

Do:

Practice question

Question 3

Component form addition and subtraction

Vectors that are written in component form use the unit vectors $\mathbf{i}$i and $\mathbf{j}$j. 

Any vector in the plane can be expressed as a linear combination of the vectors $\mathbf{i}$i and $\mathbf{j}$j. We can add or subtract vectors expressed in this way by simply collecting like terms.

Worked example

Example 4

Given the vectors $\mathbf{w}=2\mathbf{i}+6\mathbf{j}$w=2i+6j and $\mathbf{u}=5\mathbf{i}+\mathbf{j}$u=5i+j. Calculate $\mathbf{w}+\mathbf{u}$w+u and $\mathbf{w}-\mathbf{u}$w−u.

Think: We can treat $\mathbf{i}$i and $\mathbf{j}$j as variables and add or subtract like terms.

Do: Then, we have:

And:

Practice questions

Question 4

Question 5

Scalar multiplication of vectors

Geometrical methods

As a scalar is a quantity that is magnitude only (no direction), its effect on a vector when multiplying is to increase the magnitude of the vector.  It does not alter its direction.

Algebraic methods - column vectors

When multiplying column vectors by a scalar quantity we multiply each element by the quantity.

Worked example

Example 5

Given the two vectors  $\mathbf{u}=\binom{-2}{7}$u=(−27) and $\mathbf{v}=\binom{8}{2}$v=(82) calculate:

(a) $3\mathbf{u}$3u

(b) $-2\mathbf{u}$−2u

(c) $4\mathbf{u}-\mathbf{v}$4u−v

Think: We can do these calculations by multiplying each element of the column vector by the scalar quantity.

Do:

(a)

(b)

(c)

Practice questions

Question 6

Question 7

Algebraic methods - component vectors

When multiplying vectors in component form by a scalar quantity we multiply the coefficients of $\mathbf{i}$i and $\mathbf{j}$j by the quantity.